
IAFSS Chairman

On Sunday, February 9, 2014, 5 workshops were held on topics deemed as challenging and relevant for fire safety science in the foreseeable future. Efforts on these topics are continuing and participation in this process is encouraged. The main outcome of these workshops is summarized in the reports below. For more information, workshop summaries are available and the workshop leaders can be contacted directly.

Reports
Wildfires and Climate Change
Education
Dr. Robert White, our dear friend and colleague, died peacefully on March 19, 2014 while at work. Dr. White was a renowned research scientist at the Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) for 39 years. He held a PhD in Forestry from University of Wisconsin, a MS in Forest Products from Oregon State University and a BS in Wood Science from Penn State University. After working as a summer student at the FPL in 1972, Robert aspired to have a career in wood science and landed his first and only job at the Forest Products Laboratory in 1975. He was internationally-recognized by colleagues and mentored numerous scientists and students from all over the world.
Robert’s research has had a major impact on establishing safety standards of building materials used in construction. Throughout his career, Robert had considerable involvement with ASTM International, chairing and serving on numerous committees that establish building code standards. He received the L.J. Markwardt Award in 2007 for his distinguished contributions to the knowledge of wood as an engineering material as related to improved utilization efficiency of this renewable resource. In 2009, ASTM presented Dr. White with an Award of Merit and an honorary title of Fellow for recognition of his outstanding contributions to the development of ASTM standards. Robert authored or co-authored more than 120 scientific publications over his career and his accomplishments were frequently highlighted in Washington D.C. by Forest Service Research & Development. He was responsible for the development of an on-line database for fire test data. The database, created in 2010 to provide a comprehensive source of test data files to the public, has been downloaded more than 150,000 times to date. Robert’s unparalleled integrity heralded his notoriety as a University lecturer, graduate student advisor, counselor to local fire departments, host to International visiting scientists, advisor to Underwriters Laboratories, and service as an expert witness.
Robert served as the Project Leader of Fire Safety and Wood Preservation for 14 years and was the Team Leader of Fire Safety Research for the past 9 years. He was an internationally-recognized expert on regulatory fire resistance tests and fire performance of wood products. Robert was as genuine as they come. He was best known for his meticulous attention to detail, scientific integrity and sense of humor. Robert was the pillar of the fire safety team at FPL and his expertise will be irreplaceable. Robert was a longtime member of the IAFSS.
In connection with the banquet at the 11th International Conference of Fire Safety Science in Christchurch the awardees of the IAFSS and FORUM awards were announced. The awardees are listed below and more information of the different awards can be found on the IAFSS awards page.

Emmons Award
Kunio Kawagoe Gold Medal
Philip Thomas Medal of Excellence
Best Thesis Award “Excellence in Research”
Honorable Mentions:
IAFSS Best Poster Award
Best Student Poster Award
Best Fire Science Image Award
Dougal Drysdale Award for Extraordinary Service to the IAFSS
The IAFSS would also like to express their appreciation to Committee Members who are now leaving the committee after years of helpful service:
Awards sponsored by the International FORUM of Fire Research Directors:
The Sheldon Tieszen Student Award
Sponsored by: the International FORUM of Fire Research Directors
Recipients:
The FORUM Student Travel Award
Sponsored by: the recipients of the 2012 Sjölin Award and the International FORUM of Fire Research Directors
Recipients:
Nicholas L. Brogaard and Martin X. Sørensen, for “A New Experimental Rig for Oil Burning on Water – Results for Crude and Pure Oils,” in the area of Test Development, Diagnostics and Large Scale Experiments.
The Sjölin Awards
Sponsored by: the International FORUM of Fire Research Directors
Recipients:
2012 FDS Development Team – K. McGrattan, H. Baum, G. Forney, R. McDermott, R. Rehm (NIST), J. Floyd (Hughes Associates Inc.), S. Hostikka, T. Korhonen (VTT), W. Mell (U.S. Forest Service).
2013 John deRis (FM Global).
2014 John Hall (NFPA).
The Mid-Career Researcher Award
Sponsored by: the International FORUM of Fire Research Directors
Recipient:
2014 Patrick van Hees (Lund University).
View Photos from the symposium banquet and awards ceremony:
The 4th Fire Behavior and Fuels Conference, an conference of the International Association of Wildland Fires (IAWF), was co-organized by Tomsk State University, Worcester Polytechnic Institute and the IAFSS.
This edition was quite peculiar as in order to extend its international outreach and create more opportunities around fire research, a second edition was held in St Petersburg, Russia on 1-4 July 2013, in addition to the US edition held in Raleigh on 18-22 February 2013. The US edition has been mentioned earlier in the previous issue of this newsletter (No. 35), so let us focus on the Russian edition and on the awards.
The Russian edition was a success, with around 150 attendees from all around the world with a large contingent of our colleagues from Russia, 7 keynote presentations, including Prof. Jose Torero for IAFSS, plus 75 oral presentations and over 40 posters representing the last research developments in fire behavior and fuels (see the program at www.iawfonline.org/2013FuelsConference). The three days of parallel sessions were preceded by a day with 5 workshops to present new applications developed in research and now available to end-users. Among those, a half-day workshop was organized by International Journal of Wildland Fires, the official journal of IAWF, to train non-native speakers to publish in scientific journals in English.
In addition to the technical part, a boat trip was organized along the Neva river. The excellent weather and the period of the year, the famous white nights, made it a memorable evening for all the participants (nothing related to the free pizza, beer and wine). The conference dinner was held in a nice restaurant on a beach along the Baltic Sea. The traditional Russian band set the tone of a decadent dinner (food but also many toasts and some dancing too) that the participants will remember for a long time. The sunset on the Gulf of Finland was also pretty amazing. Finally, a field trip was offered to the participants at the end of the conference in a nearby forest that was damaged by a recent wildfire. It was funny to see all the ecologists amazed by little plants and fungi, and all the fire scientists walking carelessly around and only looking at the destruction caused by the fire.
IAFSS, as co-organizer of the conference sponsored several awards for the two editions that included $500 prizes. The awarded papers are the following.
Raleigh:
St. Petersburg:
Two special issues are in preparation for the International Journal of Wildland Fire and the Fire Safety Journal that will present a selection of the best contributions presented during the US and Russian editions.
Signed: Albert Simeoni, University of Edinburgh
Read more conference reviews in the latest edition of Fire Safety Science News, #36
Below is a featured article from Fire Safety Science News #36 by John R. Hall, Jr. of the National Fire Protection Association
Those of us in fire safety science try to ‘solve’ big parts of the fire problem, where ‘solve’ means a large reduction. Typically, a proposal for a new solution must overcome objections along the following lines:
Sometimes objections like these are accurate and deserve to be factored into the societal decisions about a particular solution. However, accurate or not, they will always be raised by parties who prioritize other factors over fire losses.
We have been working on the upholstered furniture fire problem for half a century. Along the way, we have built a consensus on what solutions work, how well they work, how much they cost, how much they are needed, and what non-fire consequences they have. More recently, that consensus has come unstuck because of accumulating evidence that some of our “solutions” create serious non-fire problems.
The signal event marking this changing consensus was the 2013 decision in California to delete the small open flame portion of the requirements contained in Technical Bulletin 117. This is – or was – the only regulation in North America that addressed non-smoldering fires involving upholstered furniture. Because California is such a large part of the North American market, TB 117 had an impact far beyond the state of California. I will leave it to others to describe the growing concerns with flame retardant treatments of upholstered furniture and associated effects on people’s health. In the limited space available here, I want to frame the discussion of what we should do next in terms of the size and characteristics of the fire problem. Our challenge is to develop a best estimate of the challenge we face, and then consider the pros and cons of alternative strategies to address that challenge.
From 1980-1984 to 2006-2010, estimated annual average home fires and losses involving upholstered furniture as the first item ignited declined substantially (see figure).

Figure: Number of US home fires and deaths with upholstered furniture as the first item ignited.
During this decline, civilian deaths declined by 61%, from 1,220 (25% of total home fire deaths) to 480 (19%), and fires declined by 77%, from 29,400 (4% of the total) to 6,700 (2%). Moreover, civilian injuries declined by 68%, from 2,630 (13% of the total) to 840 (7%), and direct property damage, after adjustment for inflation to 2010 dollars, declined by 17%, from $522 million (7% of the total) to $434 million (6%). On the one hand, this is a story of great progress, with hundreds of lives saved each year. On the other hand, this remains one of the largest parts of the U.S. fire death problem.
U.S. fire statistics are based on the National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS), dating back to 1980. Starting in about 2003, changes to NFIRS made it possible to estimate fires associated with a product in the role of the most important secondary item ignited. Using this new data (see 2nd row in the table below), NFPA constructed the following analysis considering all of the large pieces of data in the furniture fire problem.
|
|
Fires |
Civilian Deaths |
Civilian Injuries |
Direct Damage (in US$ millions) |
|
Lighted tobacco product |
1,900 (21%)
|
270 (45%) |
320 (29%) |
$97 (17%) |
|
Open flame from other fire (secondary item) |
2,200 (25%) |
130 (21%) |
280 (25%) |
$138 (24%) |
|
Operating equipment |
1,500 (17%) |
70 (12%) |
140 (13%) |
$81 (14%) |
|
Small open flame |
1,400 (16%) |
60 (10%) |
220 (20%) |
$69 (12%) |
|
Ember, ash or other or unclassified hot or smoldering object |
1,300 (15%) |
60 (10%) |
130 (11%) |
$150 (27%) |
|
Unclassified, other or multiple heat source |
600 (7%) |
20 (3%) |
30 (3%) |
$31 (5%) |
|
Total |
8,900 (100%) |
610 (100%) |
1,120 (100%) |
$566 (100%) |
Table: Upholstered furniture home fire problem, 2006-2010 averages, by major scenario.
The figure below shows upholstered furniture fire deaths by type of ignition source. This comprehensive overview tells us some useful things. Lighted tobacco products (principally cigarettes, cigars and pipes, but not including matches and lighters) account for 45% of upholstered furniture home fire deaths, dwarfing any other scenario but not dwarfing all other scenarios combined.
The 12% share for operating equipment and the 10% share for ember, ash or other or unclassified hot or smoldering object, both could be treated as likely smoldering ignitions, addressable by a smoldering fire test, but it is not clear that these fires are well represented by a lit cigarette applied to places where discarded cigarettes tend to land. The 31% of deaths associated with some kind of flaming ignition are numerous enough to justify our attention.
The question finally is what to do with this information. NFPA has been asked to develop a flaming-ignition test for upholstered furniture. In the process, we are considering not just small flaming ignitions but also ignitions by another burning object. Our goal is to be able to assess candidate technologies and designs for their effectiveness in addressing scenarios of importance. The question of when and whether to build binding requirements around any test is a separate question that involves other considerations.
I don’t know anyone who wants to adopt a requirement that can be satisfied only by technologies that create more problems than they solve. I understand different parties have different opinions about the implications of the evidence for reliability, effectiveness, cost, and non-fire effects. I have a problem with anyone who wants to prejudge the debate by excluding certain fires or certain non-fire effects from the discussion. I know my employer, NFPA, is trying very hard to be a fair and honest broker in these discussions and to keep the discussion and the search for solutions comprehensive in every sense of the word. I hope readers of this piece will do likewise.
You can read additional articles on this topic published in the IAFSS Newsletter, Fire Safety Science News on this topic:
In Fire Safety Science News #36:
Effectiveness vs. Toxicity of Flame Retardants by David Rich
Open Flame Testing of Upholstered Furniture and Fire Safety by Marcelo M. Hirschler
A Lifetime in Science
Impressive in his work, inspiring to others and dedicated to his profession, Dr. Ray Friedman leaves a legacy of devotion to fire research.
With a background as a research chemist, Dr. Friedman held positions in research and management at Westinghouse Research Laboratories, Atlantic Research Corporation (ARC) and Factory Mutual Research Corporation (FMRC). As vice president and general manager of the research division of ARC, he directed fundamental studies on various kinetics and combustion problems, particularly in solid propellants combustion, flame extinguishment, flame structure and ionized combustion gases.
In 1969, he joined FMRC as scientific director and manager of the basic research department. In 1975, he became vice president and manager of the research division (now part of Factory Mutual Insurance Company [FM Global]), a position from which he retired in 1987. He was, at the time, an internationally known scientist prominent in the Combustion Institute and other professional associations. His presence brought renown to FMRC as a leading institution for research on combustion and fires. Soon after he arrived, his reputation was the determining factor in drawing the famous combustion scientist Dr. George H. Markstein to join FMRC to work with him.
Ray devoted much time to the training of young scientists, and his inquisitive and inventive mind was instrumental in driving many of the early advances in the understanding of fire phenomena. While at FMRC, Ray wrote many papers reviewing the state of the art in the field of fire research, which were intended to guide further research. But, by far his most significant contribution was that of enhancing FMRC’s scientific reputation and creating an environment that inspired other scientific researchers. His leadership established the foundation of an enduring legacy that is still felt at FM Global.
He devoted much effort to the formation of the International Association for Fire Safety Science, and he received many professional and academic honors. They included positions of leadership with the Combustion Institute (president, 1978-82), the American Chemical Society’s Division of Fuel Chemistry (chairman, 1964), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the National Academy of Science (NAS). Ray was also a member of the Cosmos Club.
Known for his keen wit and analytical mind, Ray enjoyed classical music at the Society of the Four Arts in Palm Beach and at Tanglewood in the Berkshires. The eclectic nature of Ray’s intellect is reflected in the wide range of his publications. He is the author of the definitive text on fire prevention, Principles of Fire Protection Chemistry and Physics, and several other publications. Ray leaves his adored best friend and wife of 68 years, Myra. He is missed by those who had the privilege to know him and work with him.
Franco Tamanini, FM Global
We are surrounded by sorrow and sadness by the news that Prof. Hirano’s passed away during the week of the 11th IAFSS conference in Christchurch. A message was given at the last day of the conference by the new IAFSS chair Prof. van Hees. It will be difficult to think about the world around us and about our fire safety community without Prof. Hirano being its member.
Prof. Hirano was a gentleman, a scholar, a colleague, a mentor and a pre-eminent leader in fire safety research. He was one of the founding fathers of the International Association for Fire Safety Science, and for 18 years served as the Association Secretary, Vice-Chairman and the Chairman. He was the local organiser for the 2nd Symposium and acted as program chair for the 5th and 6th Symposia. Through his work, he has defined who we are as the fire safety community. He mentored our past chair Prof. Dlugogorski when he took his first steps as a fire safety researcher in Australia.
His passing away is a great loss to everyone. As a scientist, he has made important contributions to the archival literature on fires and explosions, including seminal papers on flame spread. But his contributions are too many to mention. He has authored papers in almost every area of fire research.
In the Asia-Oceania region, he was the one who brought together fire researchers from Australia, China, Japan and Russia to establish the Asia-Oceania Association for Fire Science and Technology. We all own him a great deal of gratitude for everything he has done for improving fire safety in our region.
With this message we would like to pass our condolences to Prof. Hirano’s family, and to all our colleagues in Japan and around the world.
Prof. Hirano will remain in our memories and in our thoughts. An obituary will follow on this website.
Prof. B. Dlugogorski Prof. P. van Hees
Immediate Past Chairman of IAFSS Chairman of IAFSS
The February, 2014 edition of Fire Safety Science News, the official newsletter of the IAFSS is now available online. The latest issue is dedicated to Professor Philip Thomas, one of the founders of IAFSS. Three invited authors write featured articles on the TB117 flammability test of upholstered furniture in California another featured article on the role of creativity and technical knowledge in the design and engineering of fire safety in buildings and many other contributed pieces with fire safety science news from around the world.
Fire Safety Science News #36 – February, 2014 by IAFSS
Click here to directly download a PDF of #36 – Fire Safety Science News